What is Civil Engineer.? A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering; the application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating infrastructures while protecting the public and environmental health, as well as improving existing infrastructures that have been neglected.
Thursday, December 27, 2018
Saturday, May 11, 2013
GATE Syllabus for Civil Engineering - 2014
Engineering Mathematics
Linear Algebra:
Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigenvectors.
Calculus:
Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value theorems, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals,Partial derivatives, Total derivative, Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems.
Differential equations:
First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Laplacetransforms, Solutions of one dimensional heat and wave equations and Laplace equation.
Complex variables:
Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series.
Probability and Statistics:
Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distributions.
Numerical Methods:
Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
Structural Engineering
Mechanics:
Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams. Simple stress and strain relationship: Stress and strain in two dimensions, principal stresses,stress transformation, Mohr's circle. Simple bending theory, flexural and shear stresses, unsymmetrical bending, shear centre. Thin walled pressure vessels, uniform torsion, buckling of column, combined and direct bending stresses.
Structural Analysis:
Analysis of statically determinate trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames, displacements in statically determinate structures and analysis of statically indeterminate structures by force/ energy methods, analysis by displacement methods (slope deflection and moment distribution methods), influence lines for determinate and indeterminate structures. Basic concepts of matrix methods of structural analysis.
Concrete Structures:
Concrete Technology- properties of concrete, basics of mix design. Concrete design- basic working stress and limit state design concepts, analysis of ultimate loadcapacity and design of members subjected to flexure, shear, compression and torsion by limit state methods. Basic elements of prestressed concrete, analysis of beam sections at transfer and service loads.
Steel Structures:
Analysis and design of tension andcompression members, beams andbeam- columns, column bases. Connections- simple and eccentric,beam'column connections, plate girders and trusses. Plastic analysis of beams and frames.
Geotechnical Engineering
Soil Mechanics:
Origin of soils, soil classification, three-phase system, fundamentaldefinitions, relationship and interrelationships, permeability & seepage, effective stress principle, consolidation, compaction, shear strength.
Foundation Engineering:
Sub-surface investigations- scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, penetration tests, plateload test. Earth pressure theories, effect of water table, layered soils. Stability of slopes-infinite slopes, finite slopes. Foundation types-foundation design requirements. Shallow foundations-bearing capacity, effect of shape, water table and other factors, stress distribution,settlement analysis in sands & clays. Deep foundations pile types,dynamic & static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands & clays, negative skin friction.
Water Resources Engineering
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics:
Properties of fluids, principle of conservation of mass, momentum,energy and corresponding equations, potential flow, applications of momentum and Bernoulli's equation, laminar and turbulent flow, flow in pipes, pipe networks. Concept of boundary layer and its growth. Uniform flow, critical flow and gradually varied flow in channels, specific energy concept, hydraulic jump. Forces on immersed bodies, flow measurements in channels, tanks and pipes. Dimensional analysis and hydraulic modeling. Kinematicsof flow, velocity triangles and specific speed of pumps and turbines.
Hydrology:
Hydrologic cycle, rainfall, evaporation, infiltration, stage discharge relationships, unit hydrographs, flood estimation, reservoir capacity, reservoir and channel routing. Well hydraulics.
Irrigation:
Duty, delta, estimation of evapo-transpiration. Crop water requirements. Design of: lined and unlined canals, waterways, head works, gravity dams and spillways. Design of weirs on permeable foundation. Types of irrigation system, irrigation methods. Water logging and drainage, sodic soils.
Environmental Engineering
Water requirements:
Quality standards, basic unit processes and operations for water treatment. Drinking water standards, water requirements, basic unit operations and unit processes for surface water treatment, distribution of water. Sewage and sewerage treatment,quantity and characteristics of wastewater. Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of wastewater, sludge disposal, effluent discharge standards. Domestic wastewater treatment, quantity of characteristics of domestic wastewater, primary and secondary treatment Unit operations and unit processes of domestic wastewater, sludge disposal.
Air Pollution:
Types of pollutants, their sourcesand impacts, air pollution meteorology, air pollution control,air quality standards and limits.
Municipal Solid Wastes:
Characteristics, generation, collection and transportation of solid wastes, engineered systems for solid waste management (reuse/ recycle, energy recovery,treatment and disposal).
Noise Pollution:
Impacts of noise, permissible limitsof noise pollution, measurement of noise and control of noise pollution.
Transportation Engineering
Highway Planning:
Geometric design of highways, testing and specifications of paving materials, design of flexibleand rigid pavements.
Traffic Engineering:
Traffic characteristics, theory of traffic flow, intersection design, traffic signs and signal design, highway capacity.
Surveying
Importance of surveying, principles and classifications, mapping concepts, coordinate system, map projections, measurements of distance and directions, leveling, theodolite traversing, plane table surveying,errors and adjustments, curves.
Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigenvectors.
Calculus:
Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value theorems, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals,Partial derivatives, Total derivative, Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems.
Differential equations:
First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Laplacetransforms, Solutions of one dimensional heat and wave equations and Laplace equation.
Complex variables:
Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series.
Probability and Statistics:
Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distributions.
Numerical Methods:
Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
Structural Engineering
Mechanics:
Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams. Simple stress and strain relationship: Stress and strain in two dimensions, principal stresses,stress transformation, Mohr's circle. Simple bending theory, flexural and shear stresses, unsymmetrical bending, shear centre. Thin walled pressure vessels, uniform torsion, buckling of column, combined and direct bending stresses.
Structural Analysis:
Analysis of statically determinate trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames, displacements in statically determinate structures and analysis of statically indeterminate structures by force/ energy methods, analysis by displacement methods (slope deflection and moment distribution methods), influence lines for determinate and indeterminate structures. Basic concepts of matrix methods of structural analysis.
Concrete Structures:
Concrete Technology- properties of concrete, basics of mix design. Concrete design- basic working stress and limit state design concepts, analysis of ultimate loadcapacity and design of members subjected to flexure, shear, compression and torsion by limit state methods. Basic elements of prestressed concrete, analysis of beam sections at transfer and service loads.
Steel Structures:
Analysis and design of tension andcompression members, beams andbeam- columns, column bases. Connections- simple and eccentric,beam'column connections, plate girders and trusses. Plastic analysis of beams and frames.
Geotechnical Engineering
Soil Mechanics:
Origin of soils, soil classification, three-phase system, fundamentaldefinitions, relationship and interrelationships, permeability & seepage, effective stress principle, consolidation, compaction, shear strength.
Foundation Engineering:
Sub-surface investigations- scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, penetration tests, plateload test. Earth pressure theories, effect of water table, layered soils. Stability of slopes-infinite slopes, finite slopes. Foundation types-foundation design requirements. Shallow foundations-bearing capacity, effect of shape, water table and other factors, stress distribution,settlement analysis in sands & clays. Deep foundations pile types,dynamic & static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands & clays, negative skin friction.
Water Resources Engineering
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics:
Properties of fluids, principle of conservation of mass, momentum,energy and corresponding equations, potential flow, applications of momentum and Bernoulli's equation, laminar and turbulent flow, flow in pipes, pipe networks. Concept of boundary layer and its growth. Uniform flow, critical flow and gradually varied flow in channels, specific energy concept, hydraulic jump. Forces on immersed bodies, flow measurements in channels, tanks and pipes. Dimensional analysis and hydraulic modeling. Kinematicsof flow, velocity triangles and specific speed of pumps and turbines.
Hydrology:
Hydrologic cycle, rainfall, evaporation, infiltration, stage discharge relationships, unit hydrographs, flood estimation, reservoir capacity, reservoir and channel routing. Well hydraulics.
Irrigation:
Duty, delta, estimation of evapo-transpiration. Crop water requirements. Design of: lined and unlined canals, waterways, head works, gravity dams and spillways. Design of weirs on permeable foundation. Types of irrigation system, irrigation methods. Water logging and drainage, sodic soils.
Environmental Engineering
Water requirements:
Quality standards, basic unit processes and operations for water treatment. Drinking water standards, water requirements, basic unit operations and unit processes for surface water treatment, distribution of water. Sewage and sewerage treatment,quantity and characteristics of wastewater. Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of wastewater, sludge disposal, effluent discharge standards. Domestic wastewater treatment, quantity of characteristics of domestic wastewater, primary and secondary treatment Unit operations and unit processes of domestic wastewater, sludge disposal.
Air Pollution:
Types of pollutants, their sourcesand impacts, air pollution meteorology, air pollution control,air quality standards and limits.
Municipal Solid Wastes:
Characteristics, generation, collection and transportation of solid wastes, engineered systems for solid waste management (reuse/ recycle, energy recovery,treatment and disposal).
Noise Pollution:
Impacts of noise, permissible limitsof noise pollution, measurement of noise and control of noise pollution.
Transportation Engineering
Highway Planning:
Geometric design of highways, testing and specifications of paving materials, design of flexibleand rigid pavements.
Traffic Engineering:
Traffic characteristics, theory of traffic flow, intersection design, traffic signs and signal design, highway capacity.
Surveying
Importance of surveying, principles and classifications, mapping concepts, coordinate system, map projections, measurements of distance and directions, leveling, theodolite traversing, plane table surveying,errors and adjustments, curves.
Friday, April 19, 2013
.jpg)
Thursday, April 18, 2013
POOR CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND WORKMANSHIP
Poor construction methods and workmanship
is responsible for the failure of buildings and structure. The poor
construction methods and workmanship is caused due to negligence and inadequate
quality control at construction site. The effects of some of the poor
construction methods are discussed below:
a) Incorrect placement of steel
(b) Inadequate cover to reinforcement
(c) Incorrectly made construction joints
(d) Grout leakage
(e) Poor compaction
(f) Segregation
(g) Poor curing
(h) Too high a water content
Topics with explanations
(a) Incorrect placement of steel
Incorrect placement of steel can result in
insufficient cover, leading to corrosion of the reinforcement. If the bars are
placed grossly out of position or in the wrong position, collapse can
occur when the element is fully loaded.
(b)
Inadequate cover to reinforcement
Inadequate cover to reinforcement permits
ingress of moisture, gases and other substances and leads to corrosion of the
reinforcement and cracking and spalling of the concrete.
(c)
Incorrectly made construction joints
The main faults in construction joints are
lack of preparation and poor compaction. The old concrete should be
washed and a layer of rich concrete laid before pouring is continued. Poor
joints allow ingress of moisture and staining of the concrete face.
(d)
Grout leakage
Grout leakage occurs where formwork joints
do not fit together properly. The result is a porous area of concrete that has
little or no cement and fine aggregate. All formwork joints should be properly
sealed.
(e)
Poor compaction
If concrete is not properly compacted by
ramming or vibration the result is a portion of porous honeycomb
concrete. This part must be hacked out and recast. Complete compaction is
essential to give a dense, impermeable concrete.
(f)
Segregation
Segregation occurs when the mix ingredients
become separated. It is the result of
1. dropping the mix through too great a
height in placing (chutes or pipes should be used in such cases)
2. using a harsh mix with high coarse
aggregate content
(g)
Poor curing
A poor curing procedure can result in loss
of water through evaporation. This can cause a reduction in strength if there
is not sufficient water for complete hydration of the cement. Loss of water can
cause shrinkage cracking. During curing the concrete should be kept damp
and covered.
(h) Too
high a water content
Excess water increases work ability but
decreases the strength and increases the porosity and permeability of the
hardened concrete,which can lead to corrosion of the reinforcement.
The correct
water-to-cement ratio for the mix should be strictly enforced.
PROJECT REPORT OF AN ASSESMENT OF GROUND WATER QUALITY AROUND INDUSTRIAL AREA IN CUDDALORE DISTRICT
ASSESMENT
OF GROUND WATER QUALITY AROUND INDUSTRIAL AREA IN CUDDALORE DISTRICT
PROJECT
GUIDE : Dr. GNANAPRAGASAM
Abstract
Water
is an indispensable natural resource on this earth on which all life depends.
About 97 percentage of the earth’s surface is covered by water and most of
animals and plants have 60 to 65 percentage water in their body. Due to its
unique properties water is of multiple uses for all living organisms. Human’s
being depends on water for almost every development activity. Uptake of nutrients, their distribution in the
body, regulation of temperature and removal wastes are all mediated through
water. The water which is taken up but not returned for reuse. Globally, only about 60 percentage of the
water with drawn is consumed due to loss through evaporation with increasing
human population and rapid development. The world water with drawn demands have
increasing many folds and a large proportion of the water with drawn is
polluted due to anthropogenic activities.
So
we are in the need to analyze the drinking water quality. This thesis work
deals with the drinking water quality around industrial area in Cuddalore.
There are various water quality parameters such as Odor, Turbidity, Electrical
Conductivity, pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium,
Chloride, Fluoride, Total Alkalinity, Iron are used to access the drinking
water quality.
Literature Survey:
•
Nasrullah, et al., (2004) studied on the
“analysis of pollution load in industrial effluent and ground water of Gadoon
Amazai Industrial Estate, Swabi, NWFP”.
Samples were collected from eight different industrial units including
chemical, marble, soap and oil, textile, ghee and steel industries and main
drain and were analyzed for various physical and chemical parameters like pH,
EC, TSS, TDS and heavy metals content.The results of the ground water samples
showed pH values ranging from 6.82-7.9°C with EC 0.351-0.511dSm-1,
temperature was found from 26.0-26.7oC, TSS was 1.78-2.09mgL-1,
TDS ranged from 139-513 mgL-1 and BOD of ground water was in range
from 0.294-0.802mgL-1. mental Quality Standards.
•
M. Balakrishnan et al (2008) had
reported on the “Impact of dyeing industrial effluents on the groundwater
quality in Kancheepuram (India)”Twenty groundwater samples were collected from
various parts of the dyeing industrial region and the samples were analysed
with standard analytic methods.The concentrations of total dissolved solids
(1138 to 2574 mg/L), chloride (216 to 847 mg/L), total hardness (225 to 760
mg/L), sulphate (64 to 536 mg/L), nitrate (up to 58 mg/L), iron (up to 2.3
mg/L) and lead (up to 0.281 mg/L) were found to be higher and exceeded the
permissible limits of BIS and WHO standards.
•
C. R. RAMAKRISHNAIAH et al(2009) studied
on the “Assessment of Water Quality Index for the Groundwater in Tumkur
Taluk,Karnataka State, India”The present work is aimed at assessing the water
quality index (WQI) for the groundwater of Tumkur taluk..For calculating the
WQI, the following 12 parameters have been considered: pH, total hardness,
calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, total dissolved
solids, iron, manganese and fluorides.This has been determined by collecting
groundwater samples and subjecting the samples to a comprehensive
physicochemical analysis.The WQI for these samples ranges from 89.21 to 660.56
•
K. Saravanakumar et al (2011) done the
study on” Analysis of water quality parameters of groundwater near Ambattur
industrial area, Tamil Nadu, India”This paper presents groundwater quality of
Ambattur industrial area in Chennai City. Ten different locations were selected
for the study and compared.The parameters studied were pH, total alkalinity,
total hardness, turbidity,chloride, sulphate, fluoride, total dissolved solids
and conductivity.From overall analysis, it was observed that there was a slight
fluctuation in the physico-chemical parameters among the water samples studied.
From overall analysis, it was observed that there was a slight fluctuation in
the physico-chemical parameters among the water samples studied.Comparison of
the physico-chemical parameters of the water sample with WHO and ICMR limits
showed that the groundwater is highly contaminated and account for health
hazards for human use.
•
N.V. Srikanth Vuppala (2012) had done
the “STUDY OF GROUND WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS IN INDUSTRIAL ZONE OF
VISAKHAPATNAM”There is a wide
variation in the quality of water from point, which is reflected by the related
parameters.Hydrogeochemical studies were carried out in industrial area to
assess the ground water quality ground water samples from 10 bore wells.
Industries consume large quantities to
water for their process and then discharge their effluents on to the adjoining
areas without pre-treatment. This lead to the deterioration of ground water
quality significantly besides impoverishing the environment.
Introduction:
Water resources are sources of water that are useful
potentially useful to humans. Uses of water include agricultural, industrial,
household, recreational, and environmental activities virtually all of these
human uses require fresh water.
97 percentage of water
on the earth is salt water leaving only 3 percentage as fresh water of which
slightly over two thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The
remaining unfrozen fresh water is mainly found as ground water, with only a
small fraction present above ground water or in the air.
Fresh water is a
renewable resource, yet the world’s supply of clean, fresh water is steadily
decreasing water demand already exceeds
supply in many parts of the world and as the world population continues to
rise, so too does the water demand. Awareness of the global importance of preserving
water for eco-system services has only
recently emerged as, during the 20th century, more than half the
world’s wetlands have been lost along with their valuable environmental
services biodiversity fresh water eco-system are currently declining faster
than marine or land eco-system the frame work for allocating water resources to
water users is know as water rights.
Sources of water:
Water is used for domestic,
industrial and agricultural purposes are obtained from various sources. The
major sources of water are as follows.
·
Surface water-ponds, river, stream and lake
·
Sub-surface water- infiltration wells
·
Ground water- springs and wells
Impurities in water:
It is not possible to
find pure water n nature the rain water as it drops down to the surface of
earth dust and gases from the atmosphere. It is further exposed to the organic
matter on the surface is earth by the time, it reaches the sources of water
supply, and it is found to contain various other impurities also.
The impurities present in water can be generally
classified as follows:
·
Physical impurities
·
Chemical impurities
·
Bacteriological impurities
Study area:
Cuddalore
is situated at northern region of Tamilnadu state lying between latitude 11°
43' North and longitude 79° 49’east ( Fig.1). Bore well water is generally
using for drinking and irrigation purposes in this district. The salinity
intrusion and industrial pollution of ground water are the two key reasons for
deterioration of water quality. The ground water samples were collected in
polythene bottles from bore wells and Municipal supply water of seven panchayat
villages of Cuddalore district during December 2010 - February 2011. The
sampling locations are given in
Table 1
|
S.no
|
Villages
of various region of Cuddalore district
|
|
|
Sampling
locations
|
Source
|
|
|
Bore
well
|
||
|
1
|
Cuddalore
port
|
BW1
|
|
2
|
Karaikadu
village
|
BW2
|
|
3
|
Pachaiyankuppam
village
|
BW3
|
|
4
|
Annavalli
village
|
BW4
|
|
5
|
Kudikadu
village
|
BW5
|
|
6
|
Sedapalayam
village
|
BW6
|
|
7
|
Semmankuppam
village
|
BW7
|
Objectives
of the study area:
The main objectives of this study
·
Assessment of drinking water quality in
bore well water
·
Comparison water quality parameters with
recommendation standards
·
Assess whether the water is portable or
not
·
Assessment of significant and health
effects
Sampling procedure:
- Water for
chemical examination should be collected in a clean, white 2 liter
polythene container.
- The source
from which water is collected should be in regular use. Otherwise the
source should be adequately flushed before sampling. For hand pump
sources, the water should be pumped and wasted for at least three to five
minutes to clear all dirt, slime and turbidity. Water from wells should be
taken in the middle at mid depth.
- Before
collection of sample the container should be washed with the water to be
sampled for at least 2 to 3 times.
- The water
should be then filled completely in the container without leaving any air
space.
- Place the
inner cap. Place a polythene sheet (10*10 cm) in between the inner and
outer caps. Screw the outer cap. Place another polythene sheet of same
size over the outer cap and tie the neck with a rubber band or twine
thread.
- Label the
container with all required source particulars.
- The sample
should be delivered to the lab within 24 hours form die time of
collection.
Water
quality parameters:
- Physical
parameters
·
Electrical conductivity
·
Total dissolved solids
- Chemical
parameters:
·
pH
·
Alkalinity
·
Hardness
·
Calcium
·
Iron
·
Chloride
·
Fluoride
·
Residual chlorine
PHYSICAL
PARAMETER TEST
Determination of Electrical Conductivity
PRINCIPLE:
The electrode conductivity is a
total parameter for dissolved dissociated substance. Its value depends on the
concentration and degrees of dissociated of the irons as well as the
temperature and migration velocity of the irons in the electric field.
PROCEDURE:
1. Calibrated
the cell with standard 0.1N Kcl solution of conductivity 14.12 mmhos at 30oc.
2. Rinse
the cell thoroughly with deionized distilled water and carefully wipe with a
tissue paper.
3. The
cell dipped in to the sample solution, swirl the solution and up to 1 min for a
steady reading.
4. Note
down the instrument reading and also temperature by a thermometer.
Karaikadu
|
Area
|
EC
|
|
1.BSNL Exchange (20ft)
|
497
|
|
2.Samy nagar 15 ft
|
520
|
|
3.Govt.Hg.Sec.School 30 ft
|
690
|
|
4.Murugan temple 20ft
|
435
|
|
5.Primary School 25 ft
|
387
|
|
6.Kulathumedu 20 ft
|
561
|
Pachayakuppam
|
Area
|
EC
|
|
1.Muthalamman Kovil Street (20ft)
|
460
|
|
2.Kizhaku Street (22ft)
|
390
|
|
3.Mariamman Kovil Street (15ft)
|
530
|
|
4.Nadutheru (25ft)
|
490
|
|
5.Kannaki Street (21ft)
|
630
|
|
6.Hanuman street (20ft)
|
550
|
Cuddalore port
|
Area
|
EC
|
|
1.Verapathan
swamy kovil (22ft)
|
590
|
|
2.Benil
line Street (13ft)
|
630
|
|
3.Kuthu
Guruswamy street (25ft)
|
690
|
|
4.St.David’s
Hr.School (60 ft)
|
467
|
|
5.Irusapashetty
street (20ft)
|
731
|
|
6.Mohan
Sindh Street (22ft)
|
629
|
Annavalli
|
Area
|
EC
|
|
1.Reddiyar
street(20ft)
|
562
|
|
2.Railladi
street(15ft)
|
491
|
|
3.Arenthathiya street
(17ft)
|
608
|
|
4.Kovil street (20ft)
|
526
|
|
5.G.N.Kuppam road
(20ft)
|
467
|
|
6.Kammalar colony
street (20ft)
|
578
|
Kudikadu
|
Area
|
EC
|
|
1.Lada
samy kovil street (20ft)
|
487
|
|
2.School
street (20ft)
|
542
|
|
3.Mariamman
koil street (15ft)
|
647
|
|
4.O.H.T.St
(15ft)
|
586
|
|
5.Pillaiyar
koil street (25ft)
|
627
|
|
6.Pachaivizhiamman
kovil street (15ft)
|
535
|
Sedapallaym
|
Area
|
EC
|
|
1.Vanniyar street
(15ft)
|
496
|
|
2.Vanniayar street
(20ft)
|
568
|
|
3.Kulathumetu street
(20ft)
|
636
|
|
4.Vada kovil street
(20ft)
|
734
|
|
5.Mariamman kovil
street (15ft)
|
589
|
|
6.Meenavar street
(20ft)
|
668
|
Semmankuppam
|
Area
|
EC
|
|
1.Somachavadi east
street (15ft)
|
765
|
|
2.Kannan Kovil street
(20ft)
|
564
|
|
3.South street (20ft)
|
496
|
|
4.Mariamman Koil
Street (15ft)
|
656
|
|
5.Mettu Street (20ft)
|
546
|
|
6.East Street (25ft)
|
639
|
Determination of Total Dissolved Solids
PRINCIPLE:
Total
dissolved solids are determined as the residue left after evaporation and drying
of the filtered sample.
APPARATUS:
·
Evaporation dishes
·
Oven
·
Desiccators
·
Whatmen filter paper
PROCEDURE:
1. A
clean porcelain dish is ignited in a muffle furnance and after cooling in the
air, it is cooled in a desiccators and weighed.
2. A
100ml of filtered sample was placed in the dish and evaporated at 100oc
water bath, followed by drying in oven at 103oc for 1 hour.
3. Dry
to a constant weight at 103 oc , cool in desiccators and weighed.
Karaikadu
|
Area
|
Total dissolved solids(mg/l)
|
|
1.BSNL
Exchange (20ft)
|
347
|
|
2.Samy
nagar 15 ft
|
364
|
|
3.Govt.Hg.Sec.School
30 ft
|
483
|
|
4.Murugan
temple 20ft
|
304
|
|
5.Primary
School 25 ft
|
270
|
|
6.Kulathumedu
20 ft
|
392
|
Pachayakuppam
|
Area
|
TDS
|
|
1.Muthalamman
Kovil Street (20ft)
|
322
|
|
2.Kizhaku
Street (22ft)
|
273
|
|
3.Mariamman
Kovil Street (15ft)
|
371
|
|
4.Nadutheru
(25ft)
|
343
|
|
5.Kannaki
Street (21ft)
|
441
|
|
6.Hanuman
street (20ft)
|
385
|
Cuddalore port
|
Area
|
TDS
|
|
1.Verapathan
swamy kovil (22ft)
|
413
|
|
2.Benil
line Street (13ft)
|
441
|
|
3.Kuthu
Guruswamy street (25ft)
|
483
|
|
4.St.David’s
Hr.School (60 ft)
|
326
|
|
5.Irusapashetty
street (20ft)
|
511
|
|
6.Mohan
Sindh Street (22ft)
|
440
|
Annavalli
|
Area
|
TDS
|
|
1.Reddiyar
street(20ft)
|
394
|
|
2.Railladi
street(15ft)
|
344
|
|
3.Arenthathiya
street (17ft)
|
426
|
|
4.Kovil
street (20ft)
|
368
|
|
5.G.N.Kuppam
road (20ft)
|
327
|
|
6.Kammalar
colony street (20ft)
|
405
|
Kudikadu
|
Area
|
TDS
|
|
1.Lada
samy kovil street (20ft)
|
341
|
|
2.School
street (20ft)
|
379
|
|
3.Mariamman
koil street (15ft)
|
453
|
|
4.O.H.T.St
(15ft)
|
410
|
|
5.Pillaiyar
koil street (25ft)
|
439
|
|
6.Pachaivizhiamman
kovil street (15ft)
|
375
|
Sedapallaym
|
Area
|
TDS
|
|
1.Vanniyar street
(15ft)
|
347
|
|
2.Vanniayar street
(20ft)
|
398
|
|
3.Kulathumetu street
(20ft)
|
445
|
|
4.Vada kovil street
(20ft)
|
514
|
|
5.Mariamman kovil
street (15ft)
|
412
|
|
6.Meenavar street
(20ft)
|
468
|
Semmankuppam
|
Area
|
TDS
|
|
1.Somachavadi
east street (15ft)
|
536
|
|
2.Kannan
Kovil street (20ft)
|
595
|
|
3.South
street (20ft)
|
347
|
|
4.Mariamman
Koil Street (15ft)
|
459
|
|
5.Mettu
Street (20ft)
|
382
|
|
6.East
Street (25ft)
|
447
|
CHEMICAL PARAMETER
Determination of Alkalinity
PRINCIPLE:
Alkanity can be obtaining by
neutralizing OH, CO3 and HCO3 with standard H2SO4
. Titration to PH 8.3 or decolonization of phenolphthalein indicator will show
complete neutralization of OH and ½ of CO3-, while to PH 4.4, or
sharp change from yellow to pink of methyl orange indicator will indicate total
alkalinity i.e. OH-, CO3- and HCO3-.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
·
Burette
·
Pipette
·
Conical flask
REAGENTS:
·
Sodium thio – sulphate
·
Phenolphthalein indicator
·
Standard sulphuric acid
·
Methyl orange indicator
PROCEDURE:
1. 25ml
of sample is taken in conical flask.
2. One
drop of 0.1N sodium thio sulphate solution is added to remove the free residual
chlorine if present.
3. 2drops
of phenolphthalein indicator added. The sample turn pinks.
4. Run
down 0.02N standard sulphuric acid till the solution turn to colorless.
5. Note
down the volume of H2SO4 added (V1).
6. 2drops
of methyl orange indicator added, the sample turned to yellow.
7. Resume
titration till the color of the solutions turns to pink.
8. Note
down the total volume of H2SO4 added (V2)
Karaikadu
|
Area
|
Alkalinity
|
|
1.BSNL
Exchange (20ft)
|
|
|
2.Samy
nagar 15 ft
|
|
|
3.Govt.Hg.Sec.School
30 ft
|
|
|
4.Murugan
temple 20ft
|
|
|
5.Primary
School 25 ft
|
|
|
6.Kulathumedu
20 ft
|
|
Pachayakuppam
|
Area
|
Alkalinity
|
|
1.Muthalamman
Kovil Street (20ft)
|
|
|
2.Kizhaku
Street (22ft)
|
|
|
3.Mariamman
Kovil Street (15ft)
|
|
|
4.Nadutheru
(25ft)
|
|
|
5.Kannaki
Street (21ft)
|
|
|
6.Hanuman
street (20ft)
|
|
Cuddalore port
|
Area
|
Alkalinity
|
|
1.Verapathan swamy kovil (22ft)
|
|
|
2.Benil line Street (13ft)
|
|
|
3.Kuthu Guruswamy street (25ft)
|
|
|
4.St.David’s Hr.School (60 ft)
|
|
|
5.Irusapashetty street (20ft)
|
|
|
6.Mohan Sindh Street (22ft)
|
|
Annavalli
|
Area
|
Alkalinity
|
|
1.Reddiyar
street(20ft)
|
|
|
2.Railladi
street(15ft)
|
|
|
3.Arenthathiya street
(17ft)
|
|
|
4.Kovil street (20ft)
|
|
|
5.G.N.Kuppam road
(20ft)
|
|
|
6.Kammalar colony
street (20ft)
|
|
Kudikadu
|
Area
|
Alakalinity
|
|
1.Lada
samy kovil street (20ft)
|
|
|
2.School
street (20ft)
|
|
|
3.Mariamman
koil street (15ft)
|
|
|
4.O.H.T.St
(15ft)
|
|
|
5.Pillaiyar
koil street (25ft)
|
|
|
6.Pachaivizhiamman
kovil street (15ft)
|
|
Sedapallaym
|
Area
|
Alakalinity
|
|
1.Vanniyar
street (15ft)
|
|
|
2.Vanniayar
street (20ft)
|
|
|
3.Kulathumetu
street (20ft)
|
|
|
4.Vada
kovil street (20ft)
|
|
|
5.Mariamman
kovil street (15ft)
|
|
|
6.Meenavar
street (20ft)
|
|
Semmankuppam
|
Area
|
Alakalinity
|
|
1.Somachavadi
east street (15ft)
|
|
|
2.Kannan
Kovil street (20ft)
|
|
|
3.South
street (20ft)
|
|
|
4.Mariamman
Koil Street (15ft)
|
|
|
5.Mettu
Street (20ft)
|
|
|
6.East
Street (25ft)
|
|
Determination
of Residue Chlorine by Chloroscope
AIM:
To determine the amount of total
residue chlorine present in the given sample by chloroscope.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
·
Chloroscope
·
Dropper
·
Test tube slot
REAGENTS:
·
Alphadiene
PROCEDURE:
1. Take
the test tube and fill water sample to be tested upto 5ml mark.
2. Add
1 to2 drops of alphadiene into the sample with the help of droppen.
3. Shake
well and keep the tube for 10 min to develop the colour. Compare the developed
color with the chloroscope.
4. After
development of color match the color by inserting the tube in 1,2, and 3 step.
The examine from color standard. The sample is matched.
5. Note
down the reading of same from PPm scale are mean marked in front of
chloroscope.
6. After
testing completely pour out the sample, clean the tube with fresh water with
the help of cleaning brush.
Karaikadu
|
Area
|
RESIDUE CHLORINE
|
|
1.BSNL Exchange (20ft)
|
<0.5
|
|
2.Samy nagar 15 ft
|
<0.5
|
|
3.Govt.Hg.Sec.School 30 ft
|
<0.5
|
|
4.Murugan temple 20ft
|
<0.5
|
|
5.Primary School 25 ft
|
<0.5
|
|
6.Kulathumedu 20 ft
|
<0.5
|
Pachayakuppam
|
Area
|
RESIDUE
CHLORINE
|
|
1.Muthalamman Kovil Street (20ft)
|
<0.25
|
|
2.Kizhaku Street (22ft)
|
<0.25
|
|
3.Mariamman Kovil Street (15ft)
|
<0.25
|
|
4.Nadutheru (25ft)
|
<0.25
|
|
5.Kannaki Street (21ft)
|
<0.25
|
|
6.Hanuman street (20ft)
|
<0.25
|
Cuddalore port
|
Area
|
Residue Chlorine
|
|
1.Verapathan swamy kovil (22ft)
|
<0.5
|
|
2.Benil line Street (13ft)
|
<0.5
|
|
3.Kuthu Guruswamy street (25ft)
|
<0.5
|
|
4.St.David’s Hr.School (60 ft)
|
<0.5
|
|
5.Irusapashetty street (20ft)
|
<0.5
|
|
6.Mohan Sindh Street (22ft)
|
<0.5
|
Annavalli
|
Area
|
Residue Chlorine
|
|
1.Reddiyar
street(20ft)
|
<0.5
|
|
2.Railladi
street(15ft)
|
<0.5
|
|
3.Arenthathiya
street (17ft)
|
<0.5
|
|
4.Kovil
street (20ft)
|
<0.5
|
|
5.G.N.Kuppam
road (20ft)
|
<0.5
|
|
6.Kammalar
colony street (20ft)
|
<0.5
|
Kudikadu
|
Area
|
Residue Chlorine
|
|
1.Lada
samy kovil street (20ft)
|
<0.25
|
|
2.School
street (20ft)
|
<0.25
|
|
3.Mariamman
koil street (15ft)
|
<0.25
|
|
4.O.H.T.St
(15ft)
|
<0.25
|
|
5.Pillaiyar
koil street (25ft)
|
<0.25
|
|
6.Pachaivizhiamman
kovil street (15ft)
|
<0.25
|
Sedapallaym
|
Area
|
Residue Chlorine
|
|
1.Vanniyar
street (15ft)
|
<0.25
|
|
2.Vanniayar
street (20ft)
|
<0.25
|
|
3.Kulathumetu
street (20ft)
|
<0.25
|
|
4.Vada
kovil street (20ft)
|
<0.25
|
|
5.Mariamman
kovil street (15ft)
|
<0.25
|
|
6.Meenavar
street (20ft)
|
<0.25
|
Semmankuppam
|
Area
|
Residue Chlorine
|
|
1.Somachavadi
east street (15ft)
|
0.5
|
|
2.Kannan
Kovil street (20ft)
|
0.5
|
|
3.South
street (20ft)
|
0.5
|
|
4.Mariamman
Koil Street (15ft)
|
0.5
|
|
5.Mettu
Street (20ft)
|
0.5
|
|
6.East
Street (25ft)
|
0.5
|
DTERMINATION
OF CHLORIDES
AIM:
To determine the amount of chloride in
the form of chloride present in the given water sample by mohr’s method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
·
Burette
·
Pipette
·
Erlenmeyer flask
·
Measuring cylinder
REAGENTS:
·
Chloride free distilled water
·
Standard silver nitrate solution
(0.012N)
·
Potassium chromate indicator
·
Acid (or) alkali (or) adjusting PH.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take
50ml of sample (v) and dilute to 100ml.
2. If
the sample is colored acid 3ml of aluminium hydroxide, shake well to settle,
filter wash and collect filterate.
3. Sample
is brought to PH 7 – 8 by adding acid or alkali as required.
4. Add
1ml of indicator (potassium chromate)
5. Titrate
the solution against standard silver nitrate solution until a reddish brown
precipitate is obtained. Note down the volume.
6. Repeat
the procedure for distilled water, Note down the volume.
Karaikadu
|
Area
|
V1
|
Chloride
|
|
1.BSNL Exchange (20ft)
|
19
|
82.5
|
|
2.Samy nagar 15 ft
|
20.8
|
91.5
|
|
3.Govt.Hg.Sec.School 30 ft
|
22.5
|
100
|
|
4.Murugan temple 20ft
|
23
|
102.5
|
|
5.Primary School 25 ft
|
21.5
|
95
|
|
6.Kulathumedu 20 ft
|
26
|
117.5
|
Pachayakuppam
|
Area
|
V1
|
Chloride
|
|
1.Muthalamman Kovil Street (20ft)
|
16.5
|
70
|
|
2.Kizhaku Street (22ft)
|
15.6
|
65.5
|
|
3.Mariamman Kovil Street (15ft)
|
18
|
77.5
|
|
4.Nadutheru (25ft)
|
17.8
|
76.5
|
|
5.Kannaki Street (21ft)
|
19.8
|
86.5
|
|
6.Hanuman street (20ft)
|
21
|
92.5
|
Cuddalore port
|
Area
|
V1
|
Chloride
|
|
1.Verapathan swamy kovil (22ft)
|
19.3
|
84
|
|
2.Benil line Street (13ft)
|
25.3
|
114
|
|
3.Kuthu Guruswamy street (25ft)
|
18.7
|
81
|
|
4.St.David’s Hr.School (60 ft)
|
20.8
|
91.5
|
|
5.Irusapashetty street (20ft)
|
23.5
|
105
|
|
6.Mohan Sindh Street (22ft)
|
22.6
|
100.5
|
Annavalli
|
Area
|
V1
|
Chloride
|
|
1.Reddiyar
street(20ft)
|
24.3
|
109
|
|
2.Railladi
street(15ft)
|
25.7
|
116
|
|
3.Arenthathiya
street (17ft)
|
20.8
|
91.5
|
|
4.Kovil
street (20ft)
|
22.5
|
100
|
|
5.G.N.Kuppam
road (20ft)
|
23.6
|
105.5
|
|
6.Kammalar
colony street (20ft)
|
21.6
|
95.5
|
Kudikadu
|
Area
|
V1
|
Chloride
|
|
1.Lada samy kovil
street (20ft)
|
24.3
|
109
|
|
2.School street
(20ft)
|
21
|
92.5
|
|
3.Mariamman koil
street (15ft)
|
23.5
|
105
|
|
4.O.H.T.St (15ft)
|
20.4
|
89.5
|
|
5.Pillaiyar koil
street (25ft)
|
19.4
|
84.5
|
|
6.Pachaivizhiamman
kovil street (15ft)
|
22.4
|
99.5
|
Sedapallaym
|
Area
|
V1
|
Chloride
|
|
1.Vanniyar
street (15ft)
|
22.4
|
99.5
|
|
2.Vanniayar
street (20ft)
|
26.4
|
119.5
|
|
3.Kulathumetu
street (20ft)
|
20.7
|
91
|
|
4.Vada
kovil street (20ft)
|
19.6
|
85.5
|
|
5.Mariamman
kovil street (15ft)
|
23.4
|
104.5
|
|
6.Meenavar
street (20ft)
|
20.5
|
90
|
Semmankuppam
|
Area
|
V1
|
Chloride
|
|
1.Somachavadi
east street (15ft)
|
24.3
|
109
|
|
2.Kannan
Kovil street (20ft)
|
26.4
|
119.5
|
|
3.South
street (20ft)
|
20.5
|
90
|
|
4.Mariamman
Koil Street (15ft)
|
24
|
107.5
|
|
5.Mettu
Street (20ft)
|
21.6
|
95.5
|
|
6.East
Street (25ft)
|
18.4
|
79.5
|
DETERMINATION
OF FLUORIDE
AIM:
To
determine the fluoride present in water.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
·
Spectro-photometer (or) colour compmeter
REAGENTS:
·
Standard fluoride solution (1ml = 10µgF)
·
Zinconyl alizarin reagent
·
Mixed acid solution
·
Acid zinconyl alizarin agent
·
Sodium arsenite solution
PROCEDURE:
1. If
residual chlorine is present , remove the same by adding one a drop arsenite
0.1mg chlorine and mix.
2.
Prepare a series of standard by diluting
various volume of standard , fluoride solution 100ml of tubes. The range should
be such that between zero to 1.4 mg/l.
3.
To 50ml each standard add 10ml mixed
acid zinconyl alizarin reagents.
4.
Set the spectrometer to a wave length
570nm.
5.
Adjust the spectrometer to zero
absorbance with the reference solution. This is dishwater reagents.
6.
Plot the concentration along x – axis
and absorbance along Y – axis and obtain calibration curve.
7.
Take 50ml and add 10ml of mixed acid
zinconyl - alizarin agent and mix well.
8.
Place the solution in spectrophotometer
and read absorbance.
9.
By referring calibration curve and the concentration
for the observed absorbance is read out.
10. Repeat
the procedure with dilute sample.
Karaikadu
|
Area
|
Fluoride
|
|
1.BSNL
Exchange (20ft)
|
1.5
|
|
2.Samy
nagar 15 ft
|
1.3
|
|
3.Govt.Hg.Sec.School
30 ft
|
1.4
|
|
4.Murugan
temple 20ft
|
1.5
|
|
5.Primary
School 25 ft
|
1.6
|
|
6.Kulathumedu
20 ft
|
1.7
|
Pachayakuppam
|
Area
|
Fluoride
|
|
1.Muthalamman Kovil Street (20ft)
|
1.2
|
|
2.Kizhaku Street (22ft)
|
0.78
|
|
3.Mariamman Kovil Street (15ft)
|
0.378
|
|
4.Nadutheru (25ft)
|
1.34
|
|
5.Kannaki Street (21ft)
|
1.45
|
|
6.Hanuman street (20ft)
|
1.32
|
Cuddalore port
|
Area
|
Fluoride
|
|
1.Verapathan swamy kovil (22ft)
|
1.5
|
|
2.Benil line Street (13ft)
|
1.23
|
|
3.Kuthu Guruswamy street (25ft)
|
1.89
|
|
4.St.David’s Hr.School (60 ft)
|
1.32
|
|
5.Irusapashetty street (20ft)
|
0.89
|
|
6.Mohan Sindh Street (22ft)
|
0.46
|
Annavalli
|
Area
|
Fluoride
|
|
1.Reddiyar
street(20ft)
|
1.42
|
|
2.Railladi
street(15ft)
|
1.67
|
|
3.Arenthathiya
street (17ft)
|
1.97
|
|
4.Kovil
street (20ft)
|
0.56
|
|
5.G.N.Kuppam
road (20ft)
|
0.68
|
|
6.Kammalar
colony street (20ft)
|
0.87
|
Kudikadu
|
Area
|
Fluoride
|
|
1.Lada
samy kovil street (20ft)
|
1.78
|
|
2.School
street (20ft)
|
1.34
|
|
3.Mariamman
koil street (15ft)
|
1.28
|
|
4.O.H.T.St
(15ft)
|
0.34
|
|
5.Pillaiyar
koil street (25ft)
|
0.78
|
|
6.Pachaivizhiamman
kovil street (15ft)
|
0.98
|
Sedapallaym
|
Area
|
Fluoride
|
|
1.Vanniyar
street (15ft)
|
1.23
|
|
2.Vanniayar
street (20ft)
|
1.34
|
|
3.Kulathumetu
street (20ft)
|
1.67
|
|
4.Vada
kovil street (20ft)
|
1.89
|
|
5.Mariamman
kovil street (15ft)
|
1.76
|
|
6.Meenavar
street (20ft)
|
0.987
|
Semmankuppam
|
Area
|
Fluoride
|
|
1.Somachavadi
east street (15ft)
|
1.87
|
|
2.Kannan
Kovil street (20ft)
|
1.56
|
|
3.South
street (20ft)
|
1.43
|
|
4.Mariamman
Koil Street (15ft)
|
1.37
|
|
5.Mettu
Street (20ft)
|
1.02
|
|
6.East
Street (25ft)
|
0.76
|
DETERMINATION
OF IRON
AIM:
To
determine the quantity of iron present in the given sample of water.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
·
Spectrophotometer
·
Conical flask
·
Pipette and glass beads
REAGENTS:
·
Hydrochloric acid
·
Hydroxylamine solution.
·
Ammonium acetate buffer solution
·
Sodium acetate solution
·
Phenonthroline solution
·
Stock iron solution
·
Standard iron solution.
PROCEDURE:
1. Pipette
10,20,30,40 and 50ml standard iron solution into 100ml conical flask.
2. Add
1ml hydroxylamine and 1ml sodium acetate solution to each flask.
3. Dilute
to each 75ml with distilled water.
4. Add
10ml phenothroline solution to each flask.
5. Make
up the content of each flask exactly to 100ml by adding distilled water and
left stand for 10min.
6. Take
50ml distilled water I another conical flask.
7. Repeat
the steps 2 to 5 as described above.
8. Measure
the absorbance of each solution in a spectrophotometer of 508nm against the
reference blank prepared by treating distilled water as described in steps 6
and 7.
9. Prepare
a calibration graph taking meter reading on Y- axis and concentrate ion on iron
X-axis.
For visual comparison pour the
solution in 100ml tall misler tubes and keep them in stand.
10. Mix
the sample thoroughly and measure 50ml into a conical flask.
11. Add
2ml of concentrate Hcl and 1ml of hydroxylamine solution. add few glass beds
and heat to boiling to ensure dissolution of all the iron continue boiling until
the volume is reduced to 15 to 20ml.
12. Cool
the flask to room temperature and transfer the solution to 100ml Nessler’s
tube.
13. Add
10ml of ammonium acetate buffer solution and 2ml phenanthroline solution and
dilute to 100ml mark with distilled water.
14. Mix
thoroughly and allow at least 10 to 15 min for maximum color development.
15. Measure
the absorbance of the sol at 508nm.
16. Read
of the concentration of iron from the calibratium graph from the corresponding
meter reading.
17. For
visual comparison the color of the sample with that of the standard prepared.
CALCULATION :
Iron
(Fe) = 
1mg = 10µgm of Fe
Iron
(Fe) = 
= 0.2 mg/l
Karaikadu
|
Area
|
Iron
|
|
1.BSNL
Exchange (20ft)
|
0.267
|
|
2.Samy
nagar 15 ft
|
0.89
|
|
3.Govt.Hg.Sec.School
30 ft
|
0.45
|
|
4.Murugan
temple 20ft
|
0.67
|
|
5.Primary
School 25 ft
|
0.78
|
|
6.Kulathumedu
20 ft
|
0.34
|
Pachayakuppam
|
Area
|
Iron
|
|
1.Muthalamman Kovil Street (20ft)
|
0.67
|
|
2.Kizhaku Street (22ft)
|
1.02
|
|
3.Mariamman Kovil Street (15ft)
|
0.54
|
|
4.Nadutheru (25ft)
|
0.89
|
|
5.Kannaki Street (21ft)
|
1.08
|
|
6.Hanuman street (20ft)
|
0.36
|
Cuddalore port
|
Area
|
Iron
|
|
1.Verapathan swamy kovil (22ft)
|
1.29
|
|
2.Benil line Street (13ft)
|
0.98
|
|
3.Kuthu Guruswamy street (25ft)
|
0.27
|
|
4.St.David’s Hr.School (60 ft)
|
0.38
|
|
5.Irusapashetty street (20ft)
|
0.52
|
|
6.Mohan Sindh Street (22ft)
|
0.02
|
Annavalli
|
Area
|
Iron
|
|
1.Reddiyar
street(20ft)
|
0.78
|
|
2.Railladi
street(15ft)
|
0.56
|
|
3.Arenthathiya
street (17ft)
|
0.34
|
|
4.Kovil
street (20ft)
|
1.03
|
|
5.G.N.Kuppam
road (20ft)
|
1.001
|
|
6.Kammalar
colony street (20ft)
|
0.56
|
Kudikadu
|
Area
|
Iron
|
|
1.Lada
samy kovil street (20ft)
|
1.09
|
|
2.School
street (20ft)
|
0.78
|
|
3.Mariamman
koil street (15ft)
|
0.56
|
|
4.O.H.T.St
(15ft)
|
0.39
|
|
5.Pillaiyar
koil street (25ft)
|
0.73
|
|
6.Pachaivizhiamman
kovil street (15ft)
|
0.29
|
Sedapallaym
|
Area
|
Iron
|
|
1.Vanniyar
street (15ft)
|
0.38
|
|
2.Vanniayar
street (20ft)
|
0.56
|
|
3.Kulathumetu
street (20ft)
|
0.05
|
|
4.Vada
kovil street (20ft)
|
0.608
|
|
5.Mariamman
kovil street (15ft)
|
0.204
|
|
6.Meenavar
street (20ft)
|
0.79
|
Semmankuppam
|
Area
|
Iron
|
|
1.Somachavadi
east street (15ft)
|
0.45
|
|
2.Kannan
Kovil street (20ft)
|
0.38
|
|
3.South
street (20ft)
|
0.87
|
|
4.Mariamman
Koil Street (15ft)
|
0.56
|
|
5.Mettu
Street (20ft)
|
0.39
|
|
6.East
Street (25ft)
|
1.09
|
DETERMINATION OF pH
AIM:
To determine the pH of given sample
using pH meter.
APPARATUS
REQUIRED:
·
pH
meter with electrode
·
Beaker
·
Thermometer
REAGENTS
REQUIRED:
·
Buffer
solution
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the instrument.
2. Dip the electrode in the buffer
solution of known pH.
3. Standardized the instrument using
calibrating knob.
4. After cleaning dip the electrode in the
buffer solution of pH 7.Note the reading if it is 7 the instrument is
calibrated.
5. Electrode is washed with distilled
water and then it is dipped in the solution (or) sample.
6. The reading on the dial indicates
the PH of the solution.
Karaikadu
|
Area
|
pH
|
|
1.BSNL
Exchange (20ft)
|
8.5
|
|
2.Samy
nagar 15 ft
|
7.9
|
|
3.Govt.Hg.Sec.School
30 ft
|
7.2
|
|
4.Murugan
temple 20ft
|
7.9
|
|
5.Primary
School 25 ft
|
7.8
|
|
6.Kulathumedu
20 ft
|
6.4
|
Pachayakuppam
|
Area
|
pH
|
|
1.Muthalamman Kovil Street (20ft)
|
6.8
|
|
2.Kizhaku Street (22ft)
|
7.3
|
|
3.Mariamman Kovil Street (15ft)
|
7.5
|
|
4.Nadutheru (25ft)
|
6.6
|
|
5.Kannaki Street (21ft)
|
7.7
|
|
6.Hanuman street (20ft)
|
6.9
|
Cuddalore port
|
Area
|
pH
|
|
1.Verapathan swamy kovil (22ft)
|
7.4
|
|
2.Benil line Street (13ft)
|
7.6
|
|
3.Kuthu Guruswamy street (25ft)
|
7.5
|
|
4.St.David’s Hr.School (60 ft)
|
7.4
|
|
5.Irusapashetty street (20ft)
|
7.7
|
|
6.Mohan Sindh Street (22ft)
|
8.2
|
Annavalli
|
Area
|
pH
|
|
1.Reddiyar
street(20ft)
|
7.6
|
|
2.Railladi
street(15ft)
|
7.9
|
|
3.Arenthathiya
street (17ft)
|
8.3
|
|
4.Kovil
street (20ft)
|
7.3
|
|
5.G.N.Kuppam
road (20ft)
|
6.9
|
|
6.Kammalar
colony street (20ft)
|
6.8
|
Kudikadu
|
Area
|
pH
|
|
1.Lada
samy kovil street (20ft)
|
8.2
|
|
2.School
street (20ft)
|
7.8
|
|
3.Mariamman
koil street (15ft)
|
6.9
|
|
4.O.H.T.St
(15ft)
|
7.5
|
|
5.Pillaiyar
koil street (25ft)
|
7.6
|
|
6.Pachaivizhiamman
kovil street (15ft)
|
8.4
|
Sedapallaym
|
Area
|
pH
|
|
1.Vanniyar
street (15ft)
|
7.6
|
|
2.Vanniayar
street (20ft)
|
7.8
|
|
3.Kulathumetu
street (20ft)
|
7.2
|
|
4.Vada
kovil street (20ft)
|
6.7
|
|
5.Mariamman
kovil street (15ft)
|
7.1
|
|
6.Meenavar
street (20ft)
|
7.9
|
Semmankuppam
|
Area
|
pH
|
|
1.Somachavadi
east street (15ft)
|
6.8
|
|
2.Kannan
Kovil street (20ft)
|
7.8
|
|
3.South
street (20ft)
|
7.7
|
|
4.Mariamman
Koil Street (15ft)
|
7.4
|
|
5.Mettu
Street (20ft)
|
8.4
|
|
6.East
Street (25ft)
|
8.2
|
DETERMINATION OF
HARDNESS
AIM:
To
determine the total hardness of the given sample by EDTA titrimetric method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
·
Burette
·
Erlenmeyer flask
·
Pipette
·
Bottle
REAGENTS:
·
Standard EDTA solution
·
Erio-chrome black – T indicator
·
Ammonia buffer solution.
PROCEDURE:
1. Dilute
25ml of sample to about 5oml using distilled water in conical flasks.
2. Add
1ml of buffer solution.
3. Add
2 drops of indicator the solution will have turns into wine red color.
4. Add
standard EDTA slowly with continuous stirring until the last reddish color
disappears from the solution. The color of the solution at the end point is
blue under normal condition.
5. Note
down the volume of EDTA method.
CALCULATION:
Hardness of caco3 = 
V2
= Volume of sample
V1
= Difference in burette reading
Hardness
of caco3 = 
= 408 mg/l
Karaikadu
|
Area
|
V1
|
Hardness(mg/l)
|
|
1.BSNL
Exchange (20ft)
|
25.5
|
510
|
|
2.Samy
nagar 15 ft
|
20.9
|
418
|
|
3.Govt.Hg.Sec.School
30 ft
|
26.7
|
534
|
|
4.Murugan
temple 20ft
|
18.9
|
378
|
|
5.Primary
School 25 ft
|
15.6
|
312
|
|
6.Kulathumedu
20 ft
|
19.7
|
394
|
Pachayakuppam
|
Area
|
V2
|
Hardness
|
|
1.Muthalamman Kovil Street (20ft)
|
20
|
400
|
|
2.Kizhaku Street (22ft)
|
23.9
|
478
|
|
3.Mariamman Kovil Street (15ft)
|
19.8
|
396
|
|
4.Nadutheru (25ft)
|
18.4
|
368
|
|
5.Kannaki Street (21ft)
|
26.2
|
524
|
|
6.Hanuman street (20ft)
|
24.3
|
486
|
Cuddalore port
|
Area
|
V1
|
Hardness
|
|
1.Verapathan swamy kovil (22ft)
|
21.7
|
434
|
|
2.Benil line Street (13ft)
|
22.6
|
452
|
|
3.Kuthu Guruswamy street (25ft)
|
25.8
|
516
|
|
4.St.David’s Hr.School (60 ft)
|
19.4
|
388
|
|
5.Irusapashetty street (20ft)
|
22.4
|
448
|
|
6.Mohan Sindh Street (22ft)
|
25.2
|
504
|
Annavalli
|
Area
|
V1
|
Hardness
|
|
1.Reddiyar
street(20ft)
|
23.5
|
470
|
|
2.Railladi
street(15ft)
|
22.1
|
442
|
|
3.Arenthathiya
street (17ft)
|
20.9
|
418
|
|
4.Kovil
street (20ft)
|
19.8
|
396
|
|
5.G.N.Kuppam
road (20ft)
|
26.7
|
534
|
|
6.Kammalar
colony street (20ft)
|
20.4
|
408
|
Kudikadu
|
Area
|
V1
|
Hardness
|
|
1.Lada samy kovil street (20ft)
|
20.8
|
416
|
|
2.School
street (20ft)
|
29.7
|
594
|
|
3.Mariamman koil street (15ft)
|
25.4
|
508
|
|
4.O.H.T.St
(15ft)
|
19.9
|
398
|
|
5.Pillaiyar
koil street (25ft)
|
20.4
|
408
|
|
6.Pachaivizhiamman
kovil street (15ft)
|
20.2
|
404
|
Sedapallayam
|
Area
|
V1
|
Hardness
|
|
1.Vanniyar
street (15ft)
|
20.6
|
412
|
|
2.Vanniayar
street (20ft)
|
27.2
|
544
|
|
3.Kulathumetu
street (20ft)
|
24.3
|
486
|
|
4.Vada
kovil street (20ft)
|
22.7
|
454
|
|
5.Mariamman
kovil street (15ft)
|
23.5
|
470
|
|
6.Meenavar
street (20ft)
|
25.7
|
514
|
Semmankuppam
|
Area
|
V1
|
Hardness
|
|
1.Somachavadi
east street (15ft)
|
20.7
|
414
|
|
2.Kannan
Kovil street (20ft)
|
19.4
|
388
|
|
3.South
street (20ft)
|
18.7
|
374
|
|
4.Mariamman
Koil Street (15ft)
|
17.9
|
358
|
|
5.Mettu
Street (20ft)
|
19.8
|
396
|
|
6.East
Street (25ft)
|
20.4
|
408
|
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)